No, they simply ask to be recalled by the living and leave it at that. It may not be easy to understand why Dante`s God created this kind of hell. It is sometimes difficult to understand the reasons for this particular provision and why each sin is punished as it is. In addition, some punishments will remain a mystery forever, but whatever the answers, it is understood by all that God`s reason is just and that everyone is where they should be and receive the treatment they deserve. The use of symbolic retaliation, a punishment symbolized by the crime committed, is found in Dante`s Inferno. In Dante Alighieri`s Inferno, Dante first finds himself in a dark forest, where he encounters three different animals. After avoiding the various animals, he is led through the nine layers of hell by Virgil, a Roman poet. Each circle of hell represents a different group of sinners. The first circle is the limbo layer, where people are punished for not knowing Jesus Christ. Diapers two to six are called incontinence circuits; here people are punished if they have committed irrational sins against God. In the seventh circle, people are punished for being violent; From eighth to ninth grade, sinners are punished for deception and wickedness.

As Virgil and Dante venture deeper into the layers of hell, they see the crimes committed and the punishments become more severe. Inferno`s readers have the opportunity to better understand Dante`s religious and moral beliefs based on the punishments he believes best fit the crime. In Inferno, Dante uses symbolic retaliation to give readers insight into his religious beliefs by punishing wolverines in circle three, angry people in circle five, and traitors in circle nine. Traditionally, philosophers have contrasted punishment with retaliation with utilitarianism. For utilitarians, punishment is premonitory and justified by the purported ability to obtain future social benefits such as crime reduction. For reprisals, the punishment is retrograde, justified by the crime already committed. Therefore, punishment is applied to atone for the damage already caused. [13] If we look further into the ninth circle, it seems that although their sins are the worst, their punishment is not. For example, in the fourth round of the last circle, we find those who have been traitors to their masters, and their punishment is to be locked in ice forever. True, some are strange and twisted, but one would think that the worst sin would have a much more severe punishment, at least slightly more severe than what the sowers of discord received. All this brings us back to my question: What kind of God is Dante`s God? One of the reasons for the abandonment of retaliation by 20th century reformers was that they had abandoned the idea of personal autonomy, believing that science had discredited them.

[7] Although retaliatory justice is generally considered to be the cornerstone of criminal sanction, it has also been shown to play a role in private law. [10] Unfortunately, it is left to the imagination to wonder why God would use this method. Digging deeper into the context of the poem, there are other ways to determine what kind of God Dante perceives in creating this hell and what God values most. The division of sinners establishes a hierarchy within the structure of hell. I wonder, then, how does God fairly punish sinners in this hierarchy? Nowadays, we tend to believe that the more serious a crime is, the harsher the punishment will be for those who committed it. In the early days of all code systems, retaliation for misconduct took precedence over enforcement. A crude sense of justice demanded that a criminal be punished by inflicting appropriate loss and pain as he inflicted on his victim. Therefore, the lex talionis (an eye for an eye) was very important in ancient law. The Bible is no exception, as it also contained the lex talionis in its oldest form: middah ke-neged middah (law of “measure for measure”).

There are three main types of crime; Incontinence, violence and fraud. These crimes are divided, starting with crimes of passion and ending with fraud. Self-centered crimes are held in circles one to five, violent crimes are held in rings six to eight, and ring nine holds fraudulent criminals. For the most part, the punishments categorized in hell attributed to Dante are symbolically just and representative of the sins committed on earth, given the period in which the poem was written. Throughout Dante`s Inferno, Dante Alighieri uses symbolic retaliation to express his religious beliefs. From his experiments, which explored the nine layers of hell, readers can understand what Dante assumes after death. In the third circle of hell, wolverines lie in the mud and look like pigs. People who have been overwhelmed by extreme anger in life are in the fifth layer of hell. Here, those who were angry were left above the Styx, where they were constantly tearing each other apart, and those who were grumpy were trapped under the river and returned without being able to express their feelings. It was believed that the criminals found in the last circle of hell had committed the most terrible crimes known to mankind. They live in an icy lake, and when Dante and Virgil venture to the center, the mischief worsens.

of Dante`s writings. From Dante`s Inferno, readers can better understand his religious and moral beliefs; For example, Dante believes that there is life after death and that the consequences of sin are punishment in the afterlife with varying degrees of punishment based on the sin committed. In the 19th century, the philosopher Immanuel Kant argued in Metaphysics of Morality (§ 49 E.) that retaliation is the only legitimate form of punishment that the court can prescribe:[8] If the sentence involves a fine, the theory does not allow for taking into account the financial situation of an offender, resulting in situations where a poor person and a millionaire could be forced to pay the same amount. Such a fine would be a punishment for the poor offender, while it would be insignificant for the millionaire. [14] Instead of outright retaliation, many jurisdictions use variants such as the European Union`s focus on criminal equality, which bases the amount of a fine not only on the crime, but also on the offender`s income, wages, and ability to pay. As a result, in 2002, a Finnish Nokia executive was fined €116,000 ($103,000) for a ticket issued for driving at 75 km/h (47 mph) in a 50 km/h (31 mph) zone,[15] based on his income of 14 million euros ($12.5 million) per year. Similarly, a Finnish businessman had to pay €54,000 based on his annual income of €6.5 million, which made the fine as punitive as a typical fine of €200 ($246) for the same offense if it had been imposed on a Finn with an average salary. [16] The fact that the theory of reprisal does not take into account the status of the offender and the victim has led many jurisdictions to turn away from it in a variety of ways, including criminal equality and consideration of an offender`s status and wealth or lack of status and wealth and consequent ability to pay fines and defend himself effectively in court.